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Trying to Prove the Enzymes and Microorganisms in Substance Transformation with a Formula a + b = c
Abstract: It would be both troublesome and difficult to be fair to try to prove the effects of enzymes and microorganisms in the substance transformation in the biological world, as well as the relations between them, with normal method. Utilizing a simple method of a formula (a + 0 ≠ c) and a clue (foreigner), this study excluded the possibility that the enzymes were synthesized by plant and animal cells, and solved the problem initially in theory that they could only came from microorganisms. Thus, It confirmed that microorganisms are not only the key element and essential promoter of the substance transformation of the biological world, but also the basis of the activities of plant and animal lives, then generally figured out the relationships among plants, microorganisms and animals. At the same time, it reflected that the microorganisms in vivo were the variants of the microorganisms in vitro.
Microorganisms are one of the three categories of creatures and occupy an important position in the life sciences. We have to give thorough investigation and discussion.
1. Current understanding of microorganisms and enzymes.
Up to now, it has only been more than 300 years since the invention of microscope in 1676, and the microorganisms quantity detected is only about 20% of their total amount. It may be said that is still far from a thorough study of microorganisms. Although roughly divided microorganisms into the autotrophic, heterotrophic and facultative, and has made some progress on the research of them, only the heterotrophic is reflected in the so-called biological chain. In modern medicine system, only the pathogenic is reflected basically, and in the fermentation industry, the available is the heterotrophic. Generally speaking, the understanding of microorganisms is still in a relatively narrow scope.
As for the study of enzymes, the traditional dominant theory insists on that enzymes mainly come from the self-synthesis of animal cells, and next from food. Although sometimes mentioned the microbial effects on digestion, biological enzymes and microorganisms are often elaborated separately (1) and there seems no much relationship between them
In the current research field, although its focus is slightly drifted to the enzymes coming from microorganisms, it has not yet broken the shackles of the traditional theoretical framework, and avoids giving a direct answer to the source of the in vivo enzymes while explaining them not only coming from the animals' own synthesis and food, but also from the microorganisms' secretions (2). In some introductions, they may have been vaguely aware of some conflicts on the source of the in vivo enzymes and sometimes simply avoid to talk about them (3).
Hiromi Shinya, a Japan's well-known gastroenterologist and surgeon, wrote a book "The Enzyme Factor" based on a large number of cases, and realized that the in vivo enzymes "ones made by intestinal bacteria within the body" and "ones coming from outside in the form of food" (4), which has in essence denied the theory basically that the enzymes come from the body's own synthesis and achieved a great progress on this particular scientific issue. But where the enzymes in the food come from? He did not carry on a further investigation in this regard, nor give a theoretical interpretation.
Summing up the sources of the in vivo enzymes, there are three doctrines at present: self-synthesized, transferred by food chain and synthesized by the in vivo microorganisms.
2. A + 0 ≠ c（ruling out the self-synthesis doctrine）
Following this clue and utilizing exclusive method, not only we can discover the role of microorganisms, but also the enzyme sources might be traced very easily.
According to available research data, it is enzymes to be responsible for the substance transformation in animal body. If the enzymes in the digestive juice were synthesized by plant and animal cells, the principle would be the equal of that the ingested substances might be directly transformed into the body substances. In this condition, no matter how much animal ingested enzymes might be secreted for decomposition and composition, those enzymes would be still derived from the substances (including animal bodies) themselves, just as they would carry out the transformation by themselves. In that case, it would be an illogical equation such as "a + 0 = c" or "animal foods = animals (a = b)", which does not conform to both mathematical algorithms and the law of substance transformation, and even not conform to the reality that the ingested substances have been transformed into the animal body. In this inequality, it is obviously in the absence of a necessary addend, and in the law of substance transformation, it is obviously in the absence of a necessary promoter or medium.
3. C – a = ? (tracing the foreigner)
Since a + 0 ≠ c, then, c - a = ? The answer must be b. But then, what is b?
3.1. Every element in the equation a + b = c
3.1.1. Define every element
Let us discuss the in vivo enzymes firstly.
In the substance transformation in vivo, we have already negated the self-synthesis doctrine through the inequality "a + 0 ≠ c". Then, we have to seek an addend to correct it, and to find out a foreigner as the medium.
In the body, there are only two kinds of foreign substances: one is the ingested substances and another is microorganisms. Because the ingested substances could not act as not only a but also b in "a + b = c", otherwise the equation would be "a + a = c" and same as "a + 0 = c". So the choice as b in the equation would only be microorganisms, and there are no other competitors.
Thus, the inequality "a + 0 ≠ c" could be corrected to "a + b = c" reasonably. In fact, with this simple equation, the three major categories of living things in the biological world are linked together:
a＝plants (the ingested plants or indirect products of plants ),
b＝microorganisms (including the enzymes originating from microorganisms),
c＝animals (the substances transformed from plants + microorganisms)
4. Relationships and functions of every element in the equation a + b = c
After the definition of every element in the equation a + b = c, their relationships and functions should be ascertained, too.
Plants are the substantial basis to compose the animal body and the animal body is the composed results. On this point it should not be any doubt. Then, the remaining is just the microorganisms.
If the plants, microorganisms and animals were compared respectively to building materials, artificers and houses, then, microorganisms should be the artificers as a matter of course, because both of the building materials and houses are very clear now. In the life sciences, the function of the "artificers" is to promote metabolism, and the performers to carry out the function are functional substances, that are enzymes and vitamins, etc.
4.1. Counterevidence of "b = microorganisms"
Now that we have identified a + 0 ≠ c, must be a + b = c, and b = microorganisms, whose function is responsible for the substance transformation or metabolism, then, why is b = microorganisms, and not b = enzymes, because enzymes and vitamins have been being responsible for the substance transformation or metabolism in the traditional theory? Let us try to have a counterevidence as follows.
4.1.1. In case of b = enzymes. If enzymes replaced the microorganisms represented by "b", they would be asymmetry with "a" and "c", because enzymes could not enjoy the equal rank with the plants "a" and animals "c", they do not belong to the same category and could not serve as the same addend as "a". As a result, the category of "a" and "c" has defined the basic prerequisite that the "b" would be none other than microorganisms.
4.1.2. In case according to the theory that enzymes came from the animal own synthesis, they should be listed in "c" and not listed in "b".
4.1.3. In case enzymes were synthesized by plant cells, they should be listed in "a".
4.1.4. In case according to the theory that the enzymes came from the animal own synthesis, the time would not allow b = enzymes. In the equation "a + b = c", there is a temporal relationship, that is the "b" as the addend should exist before the sum "c". If enzymes came from the animal own synthesis, the occurrence of enzymes should be only after the synthesis of the animal body. According to the traditional theory, it is equal to that the sum "c" has been resulted in the absence of the addend "b" in the equation "a + b = c". How possible is it? ! That really is preposterous!
"B" can neither mean plants, nor animals, even nor minerals (because animal body is based on plants), then nor enzymes, and must exist in nature before animal body and be part of organic substances. So besides plants, the organic substances exist in nature before animal body can not be anything but microorganisms. So, "b" can only equal microorganisms.
Through the above derivation, it can very clearly reflect that the enzymes come from microorganisms. Although the enzymes take an action in the substance transformation in vivo, the real promoter of the substance transformation is microorganisms, and the enzymes are only a form and the necessary substances that microorganisms take place in the substance transformation.
5. Tracing the foreigner
Is it from self-generating or from outside that the intestinal microorganisms come? This problem is not difficult to make clear.
In the light of fewer and fewer microorganisms in the upper digestive tract, their multiplication only below small intestine and the more their quantities the closer to anus, their sneaking channel should be anus without doubt. As long as an animal was born, microorganisms would begin to sneak into its large intestine from its anus. After a few hours they would multiply in large quantities and vary in the suitable temperature and culture medium (chyme in the intestine), in order to meet the requirements of the digestion for the animal body.
If it was not that microorganisms stole into the intestine from anus, their sources would be no more than two ways: one is of entry from oral cavity, and another is of self-generation under the conditions of proper moisture, temperature and anaerobic environment when organic substances piled up there. ① In the upper digestive tract, all of the saliva, gastric acid and bile have bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect. That is to say, although some microorganisms could go through these obstacles sometimes and enter into large intestine, that the upper digestive tract does not support the existence and passing of microorganisms. Even if some of the oral and rhinal microorganisms can enter through the obstacles, they would be already practically dead. ② If the organic substances could generate so many tiny lives by themselves only within a few hours in the proper temperature and anaerobic environment, it would be impossible, because Italian biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729—1799) had already made a test with the gravy as early as the 18th century and confirmed that mere organic substances sealed are very difficult to generate microorganisms. If the organic substances could generate enzymes, it would be contrary to the principle that "enzymes should be produced within the living cells". At the same time, that would be equivalent to a strange equation "a + 0 = b" and conjure another summand without any increase or change.
Therefore, the in vivo microorganisms are the variants of the in vitro ones in the suitable temperature, moisture, and anaerobic or facultative conditions, and their sneaking canal is mainly the anus.
The above situation showed that the intestinal microorganisms are not self-generating, but come from outside, and belong to the variants of the ones in nature.
6. Continuously tracing the foreigner (the enzymes transferred along the food chain)
Let's still use the exclusive method.
6.1. Enzymes in plant body.
In fact, the equation a + b = c can also be used in the phytosynthesis.
a ＝ inorganic substances.
b ＝ microorganisms (including the enzymes originating from microorganisms);
c ＝ plants.
If the enzymes in plants were synthesized by plants themselves, then they should be listed in plants, and should not be another addend paralleled in the same rank of plants.
Now that the substance transformation in plants needs to meet the law of the equation "a + b = c" as animals do, then, plants can not synthesize the enzymes by themselves too, and their in vivo enzymes should also be a foreigner. Because the "alimentary organs" of plants are not in their bodies, but in soil and air, the plant enzymes are naturally traced to soil and air.
6.2. Enzymes in soil and air.
There are only two substances in soil and air: organic substances and inorganic substances. We have mentioned above that enzymes can not be self-synthesized only by organic substances, and inorganic substances can not self-synthesize enzymes, too. So the soil and air enzymes should also be the foreigners. When ruled out the inorganic and organic substances, the foreigners would only be microorganisms. Although some base materials, such as the dead twigs and withered leaves of plants and the dead bodies of animals, for the heterotrophic microorganisms in soil to utilize are organic substances, and they are made up of cells, they have become dead bodies once they become the base materials for the microorganisms to decompose or restore, because they have lost their metabolic functions and could not be called cells. The substances in the air are always inorganic and the inorganic substances would not generate enzymes. Thus the soil and air enzymes are still generated from microorganisms. It conforms to the role of microorganisms in the substance transformation in nature. Meanwhile the equation "a + b = c" could be proved again.
7. Expanding discussion
7.1. In the above discussion, there is a problem to be noteworthy, which is the intestinal microorganisms belong to the variants of the ones in nature. At the same time to find this problem, it also cleared up another problem, that is, the aerobic bacteria (the bacteria in the air are part of aerobic bacteria) would be very fast to adapt themselves to the anaerobic environment, and bring an incredible variation speed. Such a variation also reminds us that the aerobic bacteria in the air should be autotrophic microorganisms, because the substances in the air should be inorganic. While becoming anaerobic from aerobic, they become heterotrophic from autotrophic. Such a span of the variation is also the same staggering.
Through this analysis, we seem to see the relationship between the in vivo and in vitro microorganisms (said so for the present). They are originally the same lineage or origin. They would be very rapid to derive out the different variations under the different environmental conditions. According to this argument, how many kinds of substances under how many different environments would generate how many microbial varieties. So it is no use trying to make clear the varieties of microorganisms by detecting their existence one by one, because the substances, moisture, temperature, oxygen and other conditions are always in a constant change and the microbial variations are also in a constant change. Even if not change, it would be a very large number that the varieties of microorganisms are generated under various conditions of substances and environments. If there occurred some oxygen-free space full of organic substances in the aerobic environment with proper moisture and temperature, the throwback variation of aerobic bacteria would be very fast.
7.2. In some popular science readings, we would often see "From evolution, microorganisms are the senior of all living organisms (5)". We all also know that there would be nothing in the biological world without microorganisms. But regrettably, now that understood microorganisms to such a degree, they could not be defined as the basis of animal life as plants. According to the above formula, now that has obtained that microorganisms are the key element and promoter of the substance transformation in the biological world, does it not tell us just right that they belong to the same basis of the human and animal life activities as plants?! In the case that microorganisms are defined as the basis of the human and animal life activities, does it not just right the real reflection of a + b = c?! Moreover, according to a + b = c in the plant life activities, does it tell us that microorganisms are the basis of plant life activities, too?! (Please refer to "Theoretical Exploration on Biological Metabolism and Biological Cycle of Substances").
8. Conclusions
By operating a formula (a + 0 ≠ c) and tracing a clue (foreigner), it made clear the relationships among every element in the equation a + b = c and further defined that the essential function of the element microorganisms are responsible for the metabolism as the "artificers".
Based on the counterevidence of "b = microorganisms", it can be seen that microorganisms are the key element of the substance transformation in the biological world, they are the necessary promoter of the substance transformation in the biological world and the producer of biological enzymes is also none other than microorganisms. It might also be noted that reflects in the equation a + b = c all (not a part) the substances needed by plants and animals are transformed by microorganisms. This also explained very powerfully that microorganisms belong to the basis of both plant and animal life activities.
"Tracing the foreigner" showed that the in vivo and in vitro microorganisms are originally the same lineage or origin, their difference is only that the microorganisms sneaking into the intestinal tract have some adaptive variation with the change of the environment.
Merely with a simple formula, it can reach the relationships among the three categories of living things in the biological world and that biological enzymes come from microorganisms, and these conclusions can explain all the contradictions in the current life sciences and conform to the reality of life activities, which could not be understood by many people. But sometimes the more advanced theory, the easier to be understood. This method can not only get rid of feelings, but also achieve fair. The conclusions are good for a better understanding of microorganisms and might provide a basis and reference for the next deep-going study.
First draft: May 24. 2009. Revised: May 02, 2010. Finally revised: August 01, 2010.
References:
1. Digestion and Absorption of Food, Biology-Online.org. (17 May 2005), available at http://www.biology-online.org/9/16_digestion_absorption_food.htm.
2. Small Intestine to Colon, U.S. National Library of Medicine's Profiles in Science site, P 411-412, available at
. http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/NN/B/C/R/C/_/nnbcrc.pdf.
3. Enzyme, From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (13 November 2008)，available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme.
4. (Japan) Hiromi Shinya, The Enzyme Factor, available at http://www.counciloakbooks.com/client/client_images/Spring2007.pdf.
5. Available at http://www.kepu.net.cn/gb/lives/microbe/microbe_basic/200310160023.html.
About the Author
1972.12—1992.12. Served in the army. During this period, I learnt English and mainly busy at the research of applied maths.
1992.11—2005.7. Tranfered to civilian work, and mainly occupied in import and export of foods. During this period, I ever had many other jobs.
2005.8, I was retired on account of unemployment.
2006.3—now. On the support of friends abroad, I established BB Factor Corperation (specializing in import and export trade), because my friends abroad were willing to trade with me. In fact, I am interested not in the trade, but in my started study of biological theory.
In my life, I often suffered from a twist of fate, rather the opponents always meet. For example, I eagered to go to university when I was young, but met with the “Great Cultural Revolution”; I prefer liberal arts, but mainly busy at the research of applied maths and biology; Influenced by traditional culture, I disdain merchants intent on nothing but profit, but I became a professional merchant after my transfer.
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